Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) exhibit promising luminescent properties, rendering them valuable assets in diverse fields such as bioimaging, sensing, and therapeutics. Nevertheless, the potential toxicological effects of UCNPs necessitate rigorous investigation to ensure their safe application. This review aims to present a in-depth analysis o

Photocatalysis offers a sustainable approach to addressing/tackling/mitigating environmental challenges through the utilization/employment/implementation of semiconductor materials. However, conventional photocatalysts often suffer from limited efficiency due to factors such as/issues including/hindrances like rapid charge recombination and low lig